Odysseus From The Odyssey, And Oedipus - 2046 Words

Ancient texts can show modern society many thing, such as how some emotion traits can be good or evil, and why people with the same skills many times achieve vastly different results. Two characters who can be analyze this was are Odysseus from the Odyssey, and Oedipus from Oedipus Rex. The Odysseus is the story of a warrior, Odysseus, who journeys to his native land of Ithaca despite many obstacles and succeeds in driving out suitors who are present in his home/ Oedipus Rex is the story of Oedipus, a man who has accidentally married his mother and killed his father, and learning the truth, becomes blind and is exiled. Odysseus and Oedipus are both intelligent heroes who use their wit to solve their problems, with the former returning successfully home and the latter failing miserably. The reason behind their different outcomes is the morality of the emotional traits which guide them. Odysseus used to be arrogant and hedonistic, as can be examined by look at his interaction with the cyclops and the sirens, but he eventually learns to become humble and less hedonistic, as seen by his interactions in Ithaca and on Calypso’s island. Oedipus has a bad temperament and is quick to anger throughout his life and to everyone, from his youth before he had become king up to and including his current reign, and he has a short temper in reference to both strangers and friends. Odysseus, when dealing with the Cyclopes, shows with and cunning intelligence, by telling the cyclopes â€Å"NomanShow MoreRelatedCan’t Change Fate Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesOdysseus, the main character in Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey†, uses his brain more than his strength when he is faced with an obstacle. Odysseus is known as a man of â€Å"twists and turns†; his supreme physical strength is secondary to the strength of his mind in â€Å"The Odyssey†. Throughout the story, Odysseus relies on his smarts, rather than strength to overcome each obstacle. He has the essential qualities of a Heroic leader such as being brave, strong, noble, mighty, but instead his intelligence makes OdysseusRead MoreEssay on Characterization in Oedipus the King and Homers Odyssey1258 Words   |  6 PagesCharacterization in Oedipus the King and Homers Odyssey The characters in a novel or play are attributed certain characteristics by the author. The opinions one might form of a character are based on these; therefore, the characteristics suggested by an author are intrinsic to the reader having a complete and subjective understanding of a work.   Characteristics are often displayed through a character s actions, in what is said about them, and what they themselves say, which shall be the focusRead MoreThe Odyssey And Oedipus The King : How Bonds And Abilities Shape Our Lives Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe Odyssey and Oedipus The King: How Bonds And Abilities Shape Our Lives Both The Odyssey and Oedipus the King demonstrate different extremes of the kinds of relationships and abilities that still exist in our society today. Our lives are determined by the people who influence us as well as the choices that we make, which are influenced by our individual talents and abilities. In both works, the correlation between personal bonds and individual abilities appears in the protagonists and their familiesRead MoreThe Role Of Changing Perception Of The Hero1137 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience, while The Odyssey, and Oedipus the King came many centuries later. However, they all have a hero that represents the values of the society at the time. This paper is going to compare and contrast the ideal of the hero from ancient Mesopotamia in Gilgamesh in approximately 2000 BC, The Odyssey, from the close of the 8th century BC focusing on Odysseus’ long journey home to Ithaca, and Oedipus the King written in about 430 BC and telling the story of the King, Oedipus who fulfills a prophecyRead MoreTheme Of Dramatic Irony In Oedipus The King1057 Words   |  5 Pagesentire play, Oedipus the king by Sophocles dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is when audience is aware what is happening but the character is not. Sophocles uses dramatic irony to show us Oedipus’s character and what is expected to occur. The intention of using irony also allows us to sustain our interest in the play and keep us intrigued by what’s happening. Ironically, the play begins with dramatic irony. Suddenly after the death of King Laius, A plague has hit the city of Thebes. Since Oedipus was theRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, And Beowulf854 Words   |  4 Pagesage and experience life, many people change the way they define themselves. Throughout the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†, â€Å"Oedipus the King†, â€Å"The Odyssey†, and â€Å"Beowulf†, the readers notice how society defines each main character by their heroic characteristics, the relationship between the humans and the divine, and the differences of how each hero’s journey ends. Gilgamesh, Oedipus, Odysseus, and Beowulf display several characteristics classifying themselves as heroes. In the story of Gilgamesh, GilgameshRead MoreHeroism In Oedipus The King And The Odyssey1132 Words   |  5 PagesDutch October 17 Heroism in Oedipus the King and The Odyssey Life is filled with a multitude of challenges and obstacles; in this case, life is often defined in relation to the ability if an individual to overcome and defeat such things. Aspects of heroism are evident in the situations and events that arise in the life of someone. This essay dives into the element of heroism that is evident is the stories: Oedipus the King and The Odyssey. Oedipus the King and The Odyssey share a multitude of similaritiesRead MoreOedipous Rex vs. the Odyssey Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesHeroism and Hell   Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus and Odysseus are two of many widely recognized characters known for their outstanding, and, at times, tragic stories. The Odyssey, by Homer, is an Epic poem about the great journey of Odysseus and his perilous journey home to Ithaca. Oedipus the King, by Sophocles, is a Greek play about Oedipus’ self-discovery and fulfillment of a prophecy in which he hopes to avoid. While the stories share many similarities and qualities, they also reveal significant differences inRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1615 Words   |  7 Pagesand The Odyssey, written by Homer; the main character, Odysseus, is the King of Ithaca and is called to serve and lead the Greeks in the Trojan War. Odysseus receives help from Athena and is told that he must serve in the Trojan War for he is destined to bring them victory, in which he does. After winning the war Odysseus is cursed to never go home, thankfully he makes amends with the gods and returns home in ten years. Correlating to Greek literature a famous tragedy, is the play â€Å"Oedipus the King†Read MoreEssay about Women in Greek Stories: The Odyssey by Homer725 Words   |  3 Pagesstereotypical woman of the time. The Greek writers used women who possessed these traits to progress the plot and evoke the emotions famous in Greek drama and tragedies. In Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey† Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, plays a pivotal role in advancing the plot through her mental strength and wit. While Odysseus is away, Penelope is bombarded by suitors wishing to take his as her husband. Penelope is forced to use her wit in order to ward off the will of the suitors. For example Penelope said

Analysis of Girls Like Us by Rachel Lloyd - 1031 Words

This week’s reflection is on a book titled Girls Like Us and it is authored by Rachel Lloyd. The cover also says â€Å"fighting for a world where girls not for sale†. After reading that title I had a feeling this book was going to be about girls being prostituted at a young age and after reading prologue I sadly realized I was right in my prediction. The prologue starts with the description about a girl who likes swimming, SpongeBob, Mexican food, writing poetry and getting her nails painted. To a normal person this sounds like a normal description for a little girl but normal is not the adjective to describe this girl because this little girl has been trafficked (or prostituted) by her 29 year old pimp on Craiglist to adult men. When I read†¦show more content†¦It’s just all a sickening thought to me. There was also Tiffany in the first chapter whose pimp cut her so bad that she had to have her hair shaved off in order to get some consistency in it. Tiffany did not have a drug problem but the author talked about how it was hard to find her placement because she wasn’t on drugs so Tiffany turned to drugs so she could receive help. The thought of someone having to turn to drug just to they could receive help is sad because it’s like what would happen if they were living a normal life that did not involve drugs, pimps, and johns. There is another quote that in interesting to me in this book and it is from Jon Stewart who is an Academy Award Winner and he states â€Å"You know what I think it just got a little easier out here for a pimp† and that quote says a lot as well because there aren’t very many pimps that do get in trouble for their crimes in my opinion. I read more about prostitutes and the men trying to pick them up getting arrested than I do pimps. There was one girl the book who talked about how she got in trouble for killing her abusive boyfriend yet nothing happened to him. It’s an angry thought at how men who are so evil can get away with it but their victims get in legal trouble. I am not going to describe every chapter and quote in the book but I will say there is a lot of information to be learned from this book. I did not know much about child trafficking prior to sitting down to read this book.Show MoreRelatedGlee Essay9324 Words   |  38 PagesTopic 2. ‘There is nothing ironic about show choir!’ - Rachel Cohen Is Rachel’s assessment of the musical performances on Glee correct? Discuss the interplay of melodrama, irony and intertextuality in Glee. Your essay should contain detailed analysis of at least two scenes from Glee’s 1st season. Your essay should also make reference to your core course readings on television and postmodernism. Due 14 September their true voice; and this one was, to me, ultimately about the series demonstratingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfollowing classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, Merck, Boston Beer, Firestone/FordRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Public Relations Development in Public Relationship

Question: Discuss about thePublic Relationsfor Development in Public Relationship. Answer: Research Plan Research Topic The research proposal topic is Development in Public Relationship. In simple words, public relationship refers to the relation between an organization and the public. However in deeper meaning, public relation means the strategic communication process between the organization and the public which makes both the parties beneficial. Here the public refers to the people who have potential interest with the operation of that organization like the target customers, the media, the government, the common people of the community and others. Thus, it is very crucial for the companies to maintain a healthy relationship with the public (Bell 2014). Research Questions Based on the research topic, the research questions are as follows: How can a company develop effective public relationship? What are the factors affecting the public relationship of an organization? What are the necessary aspects in implementing public relationship in an organization? Research Statement There are some purposes behind carrying on any research; otherwise there is not any point of doing the research. The purpose of the research refers to the aim, objectives, findings and goals of the research. They are discussed below: The aim and objective of the research is to find new ways to make public relations more effective as the success of an organization vastly depends on the public relation management of the company. The goal of the research is the development of the public relations. There are certain factors affecting the public relation of a company. The goal of the research is to identify and eradicate those factors and develop a better pubic relation (GHOSH 2015). Research Intention Research intention means why someone is interested to carry do a research on a particular topic. There are certain factors which affects the public relation of an organization. The intention of the research is to find out all the factors which affect the public relation process and to find out the diagnostic of these problems. Another intention is to develop effective public relation strategies based on the findings of the research. These are the intentions of doing the research. Research Methodology Research methodology refers to the processes or techniques of carrying on a research process (Flick 2015). For the research, the necessary data will be collected from the primary sources. The source of primary data will be a company. The first step is to select a company on which the research will be done. After the selection of the company, a questionnaire will be made which includes the questions for the selected organization and the public of that organization. The questions will be made in such a way that all the aspects of public relations are covered. After that the answers from both the parties will be evaluated in order to find out the factors affecting public relation and the corrective measures will be taken accordingly. There is less use of secondary data. The researcher can use the selected company websites and various journals and articles to collect information about the company (O'Leary 2013). References Bell, J., 2014.Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. GHOSH, S., 2015. Research Statement/Dissertation Abstract. O'Leary, Z., 2013.The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage.

The Renaissance Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Renaissance Essay Thesis The Renaissance BY Kerr From the fall of the Holy Roman Empire to there was a dark age in Europe where all technology and thinking stopped. Europe was a battleground for feudal lords and their knights trying to control the surrounding territories. The dark ages started to end when Pope Urban the 2nd called for the crusades of the holy lands and the city of Jerusalem. The renaissance began in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, and religion. The renaissance was a time of the great scientist and artist Leonardo dad Vinci. The word renaissance translates from French to English into rebirth, that is Just what Europe did at this time they went from being ignorant and dimwitted to inventing some of the worlds greatest inventions. Examples of these great inventions were the Ornerier flying machine, the armored car, the giant crossbow and the 8 barreled machine gun and these were Just from Leonardo dad Vinci, unfortunately these were Just prototypes and were never mass produced. The renaissance began in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, and elision. The renaissance was a time of the great scientist and artist Leonardo dad Vinci. Personally I think the greatest feat of this time was the printing press created my Johannes Gutenberg. Before the invention of the printing press to make a book it required having to hand write the words for hours. When this was going on reading was more for the higher class but with the printing press books could be mass produced and this caused that more people learned to read and knowledge spread like wild fire, it also spread Christianity because now there would be more copies of The Holy Bible. The Renaissance marks the period of European history at the close of the middle ages and the rise of the Modern world. It was a time where art was flourishing. It seemed like everyone was an artist and architecture, Fillips Brucellosis was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings, and with rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer Vitreous and the flourishing discipline of mathematics, formulated the Renaissance style which emulated and improved on classical forms. Brutishnesss major feat of engineering was the building of the dome of Florence Cathedral. 52] The first building to demonstrate this is claimed to be the church of SST. Andrew built by Alberta in Mantra. The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of SST. Pewters Basilica, combining the skills of Aberrant, Michelangelo, Raphael, Congeals and Modern. The new ideals of humanism, although more secular in some aspects, developed against a Christian backdrop, especially in the Northern Renaissance. Much, if not most, of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the Church. However, the Renaissance had a profound effect on intemperate theology, particularly in the way people perceived the relationship between man and God. Many of the periods foremost theologians were followers of the humanist method, including Erasmus, Swing, Thomas More, Martin Luther, and John Calvin. The 1 5th century, the Renaissance spread with great speed from its invention of the printing press by German printer Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.

US History CR4 - Causes of the Civil War Essays -

US History CR4 - Causes of the Civil War Directions: Your answer must be a minimum of 5 complete sentences. Prompt: Identify each term below (states' rights, compromise of 1850, Dred Scott case, and Election of 1860) and explain why it was a cause of the Civil War (1861-1865). Response: "States' Rights": The concept of states' rights was an argument in whom should possess the supreme power of government- The states or the federal government. This argument had occurred in previous years with the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, but occurred again under the Jacksonian Democracy. This caused arguments and tensions to rise between people in power and citizens. Any change in the distribution of power and creation and destruction of rights would change the nation. This caused tensions to rise. Compromise of 1850: The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to the Union as a Free State, without forbidding slavery in the other territories acquired from Mexico. This law prohibited the sale of slaves in Washington D.C., but in a contradiction, included a law requiring the return of runaway slaves to slaveholders. Abolitionists supported the freedom of California and the freedom in all territories acquired from Mexico. However, the law requiring the return of slaves to slave holders angered Abolitionists. In A Free State, every citizen is free except for slaves, a great contradiction. The rights of slaves began to be questioned even further. This Compromise was used in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case seven years after it was created. Dred Scott case: In the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens, only property. Slaves were not granted human and constitutional rights as they were property of their owners. Thus ruling, slaves are a possession that can be brought into any territory and still be enslaved. Decided by the members of the court, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 is declared and ruled unconstitutional. This ruling deeply disturbed the rights of humans, and the morale of slavery, leading for a strengthened out cry of freedom from abolitionists, and ignorant and defensive responses from slave owners. The issue of Abolitionists v Pro-Slavery intensed severely. Election of 1860: The election of Abraham Lincoln, a member of the Republican Party, terrified the southern states. The southern states feared that Abraham Lincoln would take away the power to protect and preserve slavery, and stop the expansion of slavery into the Free States. One month after Abraham Lincoln was elected, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, voted to secede from the Union. A few months later, the seven states seceded and created a new nation called the Confederate States of America. Under the Confederate States of America, a new constitution was created, one with the legalization of slavery, Jefferson Davis was elected as the president and Alexander Stephens was elected as the vice president. Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia soon joined the new nation. The separation from the United States of America with the formation of a new nation, displayed how serious the tensions were.

Essay Topics Frequency on the California Bar Exam

Essay Topics Frequency on the California Bar ExamYou need to know the CA bar exam essay topics frequency in order to gain an edge on your competition. The reason is that the number of topics you will be required to cover in passing your California bar exam are different than what you would be required to cover for your other state tests. The CA state bar exam requires you to have a certain number of topics that you are allowed to cover during your test preparation. It is highly unlikely that you will pass your state exam if you don't keep up with this.One of the most common topics to be found on a California Bar Exam is the legal system. This will be required for all candidates who have not passed the California bar and wish to proceed with the process of applying for the state license. There are a number of facets to the legal system that you will need to cover so you will want to be sure that you spend a good amount of time studying on this topic.Another common topic to be found on the California Bar Exam is the federal government. For many candidates, this is one of the first topics that they think about when they come to take the test. There are a number of components to the federal government and you will need to study the three branches of the government in order to succeed.The California legislature is another topic that you will be required to cover on the California bar exam. Although it is not always included in the curriculum, you will find that some states require this and you will need to prepare for it. If you are taking the exam for the first time, it is suggested that you have a basic knowledge of the current laws so that you can determine what the process is.California bar exam essays are generally written based on the types of cases that are typically covered on the California bar exam. You should take the time to study allof the California exam essay topics frequency in order to make sure that you are prepared for any questions that may be as ked. This is a very common part of the test and you should make sure that you are preparing accordingly.If you are having trouble finding subjects that are often required for the California bar exam, you should try looking in online forums or in other student forums for subjects that are frequently requested for the California bar. You will be able to find a large number of topics about the subject that will have a lot of relevance to your school. Try to include a few of these in your studies.Make sure that you spend a lot of time on your essay topics. This is one of the main parts of the test and you should do everything that you can to get your essays covered. This will help to provide you with the information that you need to pass your exam.There are a number of things that you can do to increase your chances of passing the California bar exam essay topics frequency. By including a good amount of time on the topic, you should be able to take advantage of the essay topics frequenc y. The test requires a good amount of topics and you will need to write a number of them in order to succeed.

Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essays

Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essays Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essay Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essay 1995); work on global environmental commons; and the emergence of social exclusion as a concept of deprivation (Gore, 1996b). The spatial frame shift is likely to be linked to the re-introduction of a historical perspective, which is already becoming evident, for example, in analyses of the history of globalization of economic activity (Bairoch, 1993; Bairoch Kozul-Wright, 1998; Brenner, 1998). But with the rejection of grand narratives, bringing history back in should not presage a return to the old teleological historicism, but rather identify alternative situations and possible development paths, and thereby inform a RISE AND FALL OF THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS 801 pragmatic commitment to progressive change in favor of present as well as future generations. The values which will glue together the new way of seeing the world are, like the methods of global analysis, as yet unclear. The most likely prospect is that we shall be blown into the uture facing backward, embracing a form of embedded communitarian liberalism, which seeks to reconcile the achievement of national, regional and global objectives, and to marry universal values with a respect for diversity. But this is still waiting to be born. NOTES 1. That is, a constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and group commitments shared by members of a given community, founded in particular on a set of shared axioms, mode ls and exemplars (see Kuhn, 1970). The term paradigm is used in this sense throughout this paper. . For an extended discussion of the importance of frames in policy analysis, see Schn and Rein (1994). o The notion of the frame is also pivotal in Amartya SenOs work on development evaluation, though he uses the term informational basis of evaluative judgements rather than frame. 3. For deeper discussion of these debates, and the role of international development agencies in them, see Arndt (1987), chapters 3 and 4. 4. This was a complex historical process. As Kuhn (1970) explains, the timing of paradigm shifts is in? enced not simply by scienti ®c and policy debate, but also broader political and ideological con ®gurations. These broader changes, which include the election of conservative political leaders in the United Kingdom, United States and Germany in the late 1970s and early 1980s, will not be dealt with here. For a subtle account, which locates changes in development thi nking and practice within a broader counter-revolution against Keynesian economic policies, see Toye (1993). 5. For these two lines of argument, see various World Development Reports, particularly World Bank (1983, 1986, 1987). The last, as well as criticizing deviant policies, is an exemplar of the mobilization of East Asian experience to support key principles of a LIEO. 6. For an extended discussion of methodological nationalism, see Gore (1996a). 7. The term global liberalism is used here as shorthand for various types of LIEO, which may or may not allow a circumscribed role for national government intervention in market processes. 8. The term historicism is used here in the most general sense given by Popper (1960, p. 3). It does not imply that planning which aims at arresting, accelerating or controlling development processes is impossible, though some historicists would adopt this stronger position (Popper, 1960, pp. 44 ±45). 9. Exemplars are Rostow (1960) and Chenery and Syrquin (1975). 10. Lyotard (1984) sees the main criterion which is used to legitimate knowledge after the questioning of the grand narratives as performativity, which is understood as assessment of the performance of systems in terms of the best input/output relations (p. 46). 11. Various academic books and articles are associated with these policy reports. Key elements of Latin American neostructuralism, which developed as a response to the weaknesses of both neoliberalism and importsubstitution industrialization, are set out in Bitar (1988), Ffrench-Davies (1988), Sunkel and Zuleta (1990), Fajnzylber (1990) and Sunkel (1993), and are surveyed in Kay (1998). A Japanese view of the contrast between East Asian developmentalism and the Washington Consensus is set out in OECF (1990), whilst Okudo (1993) and JDB/JERI (1993) discuss the Japanese approach, focusing on two important policy mechanisms which diverge from the tenets of the dominant approach? two-step loans and policy-based lending. UNCTADOs reconstruction of East Asian developmentalism, which was elaborated independently of Latin American neostructuralism, draws on analyses of the Japanese development experience, particularly Akamatsu (1961, 1962) and Shinohara (1982), and key elements are set out in Akyz and Gore (1996) and Akyz u u (1998). 12. For an outline of this approach see, inter alia, Sen (1993), and an analysis of the limits of its moral individualism is made in Gore (1997). 13. For examples of a loose approach to poverty analysis based on the concept of sustainable human development, see UNDP (1995a,b); but Banuri et al. 1994) attempt to give a more rigorous speci ®cation of 802 WORLD DEVELOPMENT 15. There are some divergences between the East Asian and Latin American approaches. The latter gives more prominence to environment and democracy, is less committed to aggressive sectoral targeting (ECLAC, 1996, pp. 70 ±71; Ocampo, 1999), and has a more re ®ned policy analysis of the process of  ® nancial integration than East Asian developmentalism (ECLAC, 1995, Part 3). But their similarities, and common disagreements with the Washington Consensus, are more striking. 16. For an interesting alternative interpretation of this fault line, see Yanagihara (1997) who contrasts an ingredients approach and a framework approach and seeks ways of synthesizing them. 17. To paraphrase Yanagihara and Sambommatsu (1996). the concept through the notion of social capital. An interesting recent development has been to link sustainable human development to the promotion of human rights discourse, which some see as an alternative global ethics to neoliberalism. The increasing incorporation of the voice of nongovernment organizations (NGOs) into or alongside UN social deliberations is also a? cting the SHD approach. A good discussion of some of the notions which animate these discussions is Nederveen Pierterse (1998). 14. It is di? cult to identify an African strand to the Southern Consensus, but Mkandawire and Soludo (1999) seek to develop an African alternative to the Washington Consensus, and UNCTAD (1998, part 2) has drawn implications of the East Asian development experience for Africa. REFERENCES Akamatsu, K. (1961). A theory of unbalanced growth in the world economy. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 86, 196 ±215. Akamatsu, K. (1962). A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries. The Developing Economies, 1 (1), 3 ±25. Aky z, Y. (1998) New Perspectives on East Asia. u Journal of Development Studies (special issue) 34 (6). u Aky z, Y. , Gore, C. G. (1996). The investment-pro ®ts nexus in East Asian industrialization. World Development, 24 (3), 461 ±470. Amsden, A. (1994). Why isnt the whole world experimenting with the East Asian model to develop? : review of the East Asian miracle. World Development, 22 (4), 627 ±634. Arndt, H. W. (1987). Economic development: the history of an idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bairoch, P. (1993). Economic and world history. Brighton: Wheatsheaf. Bairoch, P. , Kozul-Wright, R. (1998). Globalization myths: some historical re? ections on integration, industrialization and growth in the world economy. In R. Kozul-Wright R. Rowthorn, Transnational corporations and the global economy (pp. 37 ±68). London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martins Press. Banuri, T. et al. (1994). De ®ning and operationalizing sustainable human development: a guide for practitioners. Bureau for Programme Policy and Evaluation. New York: UNDP. Bauer, P. T. (1971). Dissent on development: studies and debates in development economics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bitar, S. (1988). Neo-conservatism versus neo-structuralism in Latin America. CEPAL Review, 34, 45 ±62. Brenner, R. (1998). The economics of global turbulence: a special report on the world economy, 1950 ±98, New Left Review, 229, (May/June). Byres, T. J. (1979). Of neopopulist pipedreams: Daedalus in the Third World and the myth of urban bias. Journal of Peasant Studies, 6 (2), 210 ±244. Campos, J. E. , Root, H. L. (1996). The key to the Asian miracle: making shared growth credible. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Chang, H. -J. , Palmer, G. , Whittaker, D. Hugh. 1998). The Asian crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics (special issue), 22. Chenery, H. B. , Syrquin, M. (1975). Patterns of development, 1950 ±70. London: Oxford University Press. ECLAC (1990). 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